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Recent Articles
- Trumpet Blasts and Assembly Syntax in Numbers 10:3
- Right and Left: A Beginner’s Guide to Hebrew Word Order in Ecclesiastes 10:2
- A Call to Listen: A Beginner’s Guide to Hebrew Grammar in Jeremiah 10:1
- “Even If I Wash with Snow”: Job’s Cry of Purity and Futility in Hebrew
- Your People and Your Inheritance: Strength and Arm Between Hebrew and Greek
- Who is Abimelek? Political Defiance in Hebrew Speech
- May God Enlarge Japheth: Syntax, Blessing, and Subordination in Genesis 9:27
- The Plea of the Prophet: Syntax, Intercession, and Covenant Echoes in Deuteronomy 9:26
- The Swift Flight of Life: Syntax and Poetic Motion in Job 9:25
- Fear and Syntax in Giveʿon: Nested Clauses and Theological Strategy in Joshua 9:24
- Wayyiqtol Verbs, Ruach Imagery, and Political Betrayal in Judges 9:23
- Imperatives, Prophetic Syntax, and Stark Imagery in Jeremiah 9:22
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“Hear the Word”: Analyzing שִׁמְע֣וּ in Jeremiah 10:1
Introduction to Jeremiah 10:1: Prophetic Appeal to the House of Yisra’el
Jeremiah 10:1 begins a new section of prophetic address with a commanding call to attention: שִׁמְע֣וּ אֶת־הַדָּבָר (“Hear the word”). This is a formulaic opening found in various prophetic books, marking a transition into a divine pronouncement. The command is directed at בֵּית יִשְׂרָאֵל (“House of Yisra’el”) and underscores both the urgency and covenantal weight of the speech to follow. This article explores the grammar of the verb שִׁמְע֣וּ, the construction of the clause, and the theological and rhetorical significance of this prophetic summons.… Learn Hebrew
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Untroubled Houses: Negation, Construct Chains, and Divine Irony in Job 21:9
Job 21:9
בָּתֵּיהֶ֣ם שָׁלֹ֣ום מִפָּ֑חַד וְלֹ֤א שֵׁ֖בֶט אֱלֹ֣והַּ עֲלֵיהֶֽם׃
The Illusion of Peace: בָּתֵּיהֶם שָׁלֹום מִפָּחַד
בָּתֵּיהֶם — “Their houses,” a construct form from בַּיִת (“house”) + 3rd person plural suffix. The construct state links directly to the following noun or description.
שָׁלֹום — Literally “peace,” this functions as the predicate noun, describing the state of the houses: peace, wholeness, well-being.
מִפָּחַד — “from fear” or “from dread.” The preposition מִן here indicates separation or exemption: the peace described is specifically freedom from fear.… Learn Hebrew
“Oh, That My Head Were Water!”: Analyzing מִי־יִתֵּן in Jeremiah 9:1
Introduction to Jeremiah 9:1: The Prophet’s Lament in Optative Form
Jeremiah 9:1 opens with one of the most intense laments in prophetic literature. The prophet cries out in deep grief over the slain of his people, expressing an uncontainable desire to weep continuously. The verse begins with the phrase מִי־יִתֵּן—a classical optative construction in Biblical Hebrew that introduces a longing or wish, usually impossible or hypothetical. This article will examine the grammar, syntax, and literary significance of this powerful phrase in Jeremiah’s lamentation.… Learn Hebrew
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Searching Forward and Back: Disorientation in Job’s Syntax
הֵ֤ן קֶ֣דֶם אֶהֱלֹ֣ךְ וְאֵינֶ֑נּוּ וְ֝אָחֹ֗ור וְֽלֹא־אָבִ֥ין לֹֽו׃
(Job 23:8)
Poetry of Absence
This verse from Job powerfully expresses the despair of divine absence. The syntax is both elliptical and compressed, typical of Biblical Hebrew poetry, but particularly poignant here. Job’s search for God turns into a journey through linguistic voids—forward, backward, but without understanding.
Clause-by-Clause Breakdown
1. הֵן קֶ֣דֶם אֶהֱלֹ֣ךְ וְאֵינֶ֑נּוּ
– הֵן – “Behold,” marks a shift to a narrative declaration.
– קֶ֣דֶם – “forward” or “east,” serving as a directional adverb.… Learn Hebrew
Invitation and Imagery: The Syntax of Ascent in Song of Songs 4:8
אִתִּ֤י מִלְּבָנֹון֙ כַּלָּ֔ה אִתִּ֖י מִלְּבָנֹ֣ון תָּבֹ֑ואִי תָּשׁ֣וּרִי מֵרֹ֣אשׁ אֲמָנָ֗ה מֵרֹ֤אשׁ שְׂנִיר֙ וְחֶרְמֹ֔ון מִמְּעֹנֹ֣ות אֲרָיֹ֔ות מֵֽהַרְרֵ֖י נְמֵרִֽים׃ (Song of Songs 4:8)
Overview: Romantic Appeal Woven into Syntax
Song of Songs 4:8 is a verse rich in poetic appeal, drawing the beloved from majestic and wild heights into intimacy. The syntax functions as a lyrical summons, with parallel imperatives, geographic imagery, and deep structural repetition. The emotional and geographical movement is mirrored by the verbal motion and syntactic flow.
Clause Structure: Imperatives in Poetic Parallel
This verse comprises three major clause sets, all tied by imperatives and locational prepositional phrases:
1.… Learn Hebrew
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“Then They Will Bring Out the Bones”: Analyzing וְהֹוצִיאוּ in Jeremiah 8:1
Introduction to Jeremiah 8:1: Desecration as Judgment Symbol
Jeremiah 8:1 begins a chilling oracle of judgment, declaring that even the honored dead—kings, priests, prophets, and residents of Yerushalayim—will be disinterred from their graves. The key verb in this verse, וְהֹוצִיאוּ (“and they will bring out”), is grammatically marked by the waw-consecutive imperfect form, which carries a strong narrative and prophetic function in Biblical Hebrew. This article will explore the morphology, syntax, and theological-literary function of this verb within the verse.
בָּעֵ֣ת הַהִ֣יא נְאֻם־יְהוָ֡ה ויציאו אֶת־עַצְמֹ֣ות מַלְכֵֽי־יְהוּדָ֣ה וְאֶת־עַצְמֹות־שָׂרָיו֩ וְאֶת־עַצְמֹ֨ות הַכֹּהֲנִ֜ים וְאֵ֣ת עַצְמֹ֣ות הַנְּבִיאִ֗ים וְאֵ֛ת עַצְמֹ֥ות יֹושְׁבֵֽי־יְרוּשָׁלִָ֖ם מִקִּבְרֵיהֶֽם׃
Grammatical Analysis of וְהֹוצִיאוּ (ויציאו)
The verb ויציאו (more precisely vocalized as וְהֹוצִיאוּ) is from the root יָצָא in the Hifil stem, meaning “to bring out” or “to cause to go out.”… Learn Hebrew
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“The Word That Came to Yirmeyahu”: Analyzing הַדָּבָר…לֵאמֹר in Jeremiah 7:1
Introduction to Jeremiah 7:1: The Formal Superscription of Prophetic Speech
Jeremiah 7:1 opens a new unit of prophecy, famously known as the “Temple Sermon.” The verse uses a standard formula to introduce divine speech: הַדָּבָר אֲשֶׁר הָיָה אֶל־יִרְמְיָהוּ מֵאֵת יְהוָה לֵאמֹר. This syntactic structure is typical of prophetic books and serves to authenticate and mark the source of the prophet’s message. In this article, we will analyze the grammatical structure of this superscription and explain how the elements function within biblical Hebrew prophetic style.… Learn Hebrew
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Purity and Seeking: Participles, Separation, and Worship in Ezra 6:21
Ezra 6:21
וַיֹּאכְל֣וּ בְנֵֽי־יִשְׂרָאֵ֗ל הַשָּׁבִים֙ מֵֽהַגֹּולָ֔ה וְכֹ֗ל הַנִּבְדָּ֛ל מִטֻּמְאַ֥ת גֹּויֵֽ־הָאָ֖רֶץ אֲלֵהֶ֑ם לִדְרֹ֕שׁ לַֽיהוָ֖ה אֱלֹהֵ֥י יִשְׂרָאֵֽל׃
Main Action: וַיֹּאכְלוּ בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל הַשָּׁבִים מֵהַגֹּלָה
וַיֹּאכְלוּ (“and they ate”) is a Qal wayyiqtol 3mp of א־כ־ל (“to eat”), narrating the main action of participation in the Passover meal.
בְנֵי־יִשְׂרָאֵל (“the sons of Israel”) — the primary subject
הַשָּׁבִים מֵהַגֹּלָה (“those returning from the exile”) — participial phrase (הַשָּׁבִים, Qal participle mp of ש־ו־ב) describing those who came back from Babylonian captivity
This frames the act of eating as an act of covenant renewal by the returnees.… Learn Hebrew
Unexpected Priests: Object Pronouns and Inclusion in Isaiah 66:21
Isaiah 66:21
וְגַם־מֵהֶ֥ם אֶקַּ֛ח לַכֹּהֲנִ֥ים לַלְוִיִּ֖ם אָמַ֥ר יְהוָֽה׃
Surprising Election: וְגַם־מֵהֶם אֶקַּח
וְגַם (“and also”) indicates an emphatic addition, suggesting inclusion of an unexpected group. מֵהֶם (“from them”) is a prepositional phrase (מִן + 3mp suffix), indicating that YHWH will select individuals from among a specific group — previously referenced in verse 20 as “the nations.”
אֶקַּח (“I will take”) is a Qal imperfect 1cs of ל־ק־ח (“to take”), indicating divine initiative and future action. The verb form reinforces YHWH’s sovereignty in choosing.… Learn Hebrew
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Unveiling and Withholding: The Dance of the Binyanim in Exodus 6:3
וָאֵרָ֗א אֶל־אַבְרָהָ֛ם אֶל־יִצְחָ֥ק וְאֶֽל־יַעֲקֹ֖ב בְּאֵ֣ל שַׁדָּ֑י וּשְׁמִ֣י יְהוָ֔ה לֹ֥א נֹודַ֖עְתִּי לָהֶֽם׃ (Exodus 6:3)
And I appeared to Avraham to Yitsḥaq and to Yaʿaqov as El Shaddai and My name YHWH I was not known to them
Introduction: Divine Revelation and Hiddenness
This verse from Exodus 6:3 captures one of the most theologically charged moments in the Torah: the contrast between appearing and being known. At the heart of this verse lies a subtle and profound play between two binyanim—Niphal and Qal.… Learn Hebrew
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