Author Archives: Biblical Hebrew

About Biblical Hebrew

Learn Biblical Hebrew Online. Studying Biblical Hebrew online opens a direct window into the sacred texts of the Hebrew Bible, allowing readers to engage with Scripture in its original linguistic and cultural context. By learning the language in which much of the Tanakh was written, students can move beyond translations and discover the nuanced meanings, poetic structures, and theological depth embedded in the Hebrew text. Online learning provides flexible and accessible avenues to build these skills, whether through self-paced modules, guided instruction, or interactive resources. As one grows in proficiency, the richness of biblical narratives, laws, prayers, and prophetic visions comes to life with renewed clarity, making the study of Biblical Hebrew not only an intellectual pursuit but a deeply rewarding spiritual and cultural journey.

Divine Interrogatives and Emotional Discourse in Genesis 4:6

Introduction: Divine Engagement and Internal Conflict in the Cain Narrative Genesis 4:6 introduces YHWH’s first verbal response to Qayin (Cain) after his offering is rejected. Rather than immediate punishment or condemnation, God addresses Qayin’s emotional state with pastoral interrogation. The verse reads: וַיֹּ֥אמֶר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־קָ֑יִן לָ֚מָּה חָ֣רָה לָ֔ךְ וְלָ֖מָּה נָפְל֥וּ פָנֶֽיךָ׃ And the LORD said to Qayin, “Why are you angry? And why has your face fallen?” This brief exchange is rich in theological and grammatical meaning. The divine address uses interrogative syntax not to gather information but to invite self-reflection.… Learn Hebrew
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Divine Initiative and Cohortative Syntax in Micah 4:6: Grammar of Restoration

Introduction: Prophetic Reversal and the Margins Restored Micah 4:6 begins a prophetic oracle of hope and reversal, contrasting with the judgment warnings that precede it. It introduces YHWH’s promise to restore the marginalized and broken of Israel. The verse reads: בַּיֹּ֨ום הַה֜וּא נְאֻם־יְהוָ֗ה אֹֽסְפָה֙ הַצֹּ֣לֵעָ֔ה וְהַנִּדָּחָ֖ה אֲקַבֵּ֑צָה וַאֲשֶׁ֖ר הֲרֵעֹֽתִי׃ In that day, declares the LORD, I will gather the lame and I will assemble the outcast—even those whom I have afflicted. This verse centers on divine initiative, expressed through volitional and cohortative verb forms.… Learn Hebrew
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The Hebrew Verb בָּחַן: To Test, Examine, or Try

The Hebrew verb בָּחַן (root: ב-ח-ן) means “to test,” “to examine,” or “to scrutinize.” It is used in both literal and metaphorical contexts throughout the Hebrew Bible. Often appearing in wisdom literature and prophetic books, it describes the testing of hearts, intentions, and individuals to reveal what is true or genuine. This verb primarily occurs in the Qal binyan and often takes YHWH as the subject—indicating divine examination of human beings.   Qal Binyan Conjugation of בָּחַן Past (Perfect) Tense Person Form 1st person singular בָּחַנְתִּי 2nd person masculine singular בָּחַנְתָּ 2nd person feminine singular בָּחַנְתְּ 3rd person masculine singular בָּחַן 3rd person feminine singular בָּחֲנָה 1st person plural בָּחַנּוּ 2nd person masculine plural בְּחַנְתֶּם 2nd person feminine plural בְּחַנְתֶּן 3rd person plural בָּחֲנוּ Present (Participle) Tense Gender/Number Form Masculine singular בֹּחֵן Feminine singular בֹּחֶנֶת Masculine plural בּוֹחֲנִים Feminine plural בּוֹחֲנוֹת Future (Imperfect) Tense Person Form 1st person singular אֶבְחַן 2nd person masculine singular תִּבְחַן 2nd person feminine singular תִּבְחֲנִי 3rd person masculine singular יִבְחַן 3rd person feminine singular תִּבְחַן 1st person plural נִבְחַן 2nd person masculine plural תִּבְחֲנוּ 2nd person feminine plural תִּבְחַנְנָה 3rd person plural יִבְחֲנוּ Imperative Mood Person Form 2nd person masculine singular בְּחַן 2nd person feminine singular בַּחֲנִי 2nd person masculine plural בַּחֲנוּ 2nd person feminine plural בְּחַנְנָה   Usage in Scripture Psalm 139:23 – בְּחָנֵנִי אֵל וְדַע לְבָבִי “Search me, O God, and know my heart.”… Learn Hebrew
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Genesis 4:5 – Emotion Verbs and the Use of וַיִּפְּלוּ פָּנָיו

וְאֶל־קַ֥יִן וְאֶל־מִנְחָתֹ֖ו לֹ֣א שָׁעָ֑ה וַיִּ֤חַר לְקַ֨יִן֙ מְאֹ֔ד וַֽיִּפְּל֖וּ פָּנָֽיו׃ But to Qayin and to his offering He did not look with favor, and Qayin was very angry, and his face fell. Explanation of Feature This verse from Genesis 4:5 contains two noteworthy grammatical features: 1. Emotion verbs with לְ (lamed) – as seen in וַיִּחַר לְקַיִן, “Qayin became angry.” In Hebrew, anger is often described with the verb חָרָה (“to burn”) used impersonally with a lamed preposition marking the subject: “it burned to Qayin.”… Learn Hebrew
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Definiteness and Participial Titles in Cultic Legal Hebrew

Introduction to Leviticus 4:5 This verse describes part of the sin offering ritual: the anointed priest takes the bull’s blood into the Tent of Meeting. What stands out grammatically is the noun phrase הַכֹּהֵן הַמָּשִׁיחַ (“the anointed priest”), which combines a definite noun with a definite participle. This construction highlights a specific cultic role and reflects the way Biblical Hebrew uses definite participial titles in legal and priestly texts. This lesson explores how definiteness and participial forms interact to create titles and fixed roles in biblical law.… Learn Hebrew
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The Hebrew Verb בּוֹשׁ: To Be Ashamed or Confounded

The Hebrew verb בּוֹשׁ (root: ב-ו-ש) means “to be ashamed,” “to be confounded,” or “to be disappointed.” It is most commonly used in poetic and prophetic contexts to express emotional distress, embarrassment, or failure. The shame described may be social, moral, or the result of unmet expectations. This verb is primarily used in the Qal binyan, where it expresses a passive state of shame or confusion. It often appears with prepositions like מִן (because of) or עַל (on account of).   Qal Binyan Conjugation of בּוֹשׁ Past (Perfect) Tense Person Form 1st person singular בּוֹשְׁתִּי 2nd person masculine singular בּוֹשְׁתָּ 2nd person feminine singular בּוֹשְׁתְּ 3rd person masculine singular בּוֹשׁ 3rd person feminine singular בּוֹשָׁה 1st person plural בּוֹשְׁנוּ 2nd person masculine plural בּוֹשְׁתֶּם 2nd person feminine plural בּוֹשְׁתֶּן 3rd person plural בּוֹשׁוּ Present (Participle) Tense Gender/Number Form Masculine singular בוֹשׁ Feminine singular בוֹשָׁה Masculine plural בוֹשִׁים Feminine plural בוֹשׁוֹת Future (Imperfect) Tense Person Form 1st person singular אֵבוֹשׁ 2nd person masculine singular תֵּבוֹשׁ 2nd person feminine singular תֵּבוֹשִׁי 3rd person masculine singular יֵבוֹשׁ 3rd person feminine singular תֵּבוֹשׁ 1st person plural נֵבוֹשׁ 2nd person masculine plural תֵּבוֹשׁוּ 2nd person feminine plural תֵּבֹשֶׁנָה 3rd person plural יֵבֹשׁוּ Imperative Mood Person Form 2nd person masculine singular בּוֹשׁ 2nd person feminine singular בּוֹשִׁי 2nd person masculine plural בּוֹשׁוּ 2nd person feminine plural בּוֹשֶׁנָה   Usage in Scripture Psalm 25:3 – גַּם כָּל־קוֶיךָ לֹא יֵבוֹשׁוּ “Indeed, none who wait for You shall be ashamed.”… Learn Hebrew
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Stative Verbs and Royal Proclamation Syntax in Daniel 4:1 (Aramaic)

Introduction: Royal First-Person Framing in the Aramaic Court Tale Daniel 4:1 (English: 4:4) marks a shift in the narrative structure of the book: Nebuchadnezzar speaks in the first person, delivering a royal proclamation concerning his humiliation and restoration by the Most High God. The verse under examination is the narrative introduction: אֲנָ֣ה נְבוּכַדְנֶצַּ֗ר שְׁלֵ֤ה הֲוֵית֙ בְּבֵיתִ֔י וְרַעְנַ֖ן בְּהֵיכְלִֽי׃ I, Nebuchadnezzar, was at ease in my house and flourishing in my palace. This verse is syntactically and semantically rich. It features first-person narrative style, Aramaic stative verbs, and parallel structure.… Learn Hebrew
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Jussive Negation with אַל and the Function of Double Prohibition

Introduction to Hosea 4:4 Hosea 4:4 stands at the beginning of a prophetic indictment. It opens with a forceful double prohibition, warning against judgmental contention, followed by a striking comparison between the people and the priest. The grammatical structure uses the particle אַל to negate jussive verbs twice in parallel, creating a rhetorical double command. This lesson explores the use of אַל + jussive verbs in Hebrew, particularly the stylistic and rhetorical effect of double jussive prohibitions. אַ֥ךְ אִ֛ישׁ אַל־יָרֵ֖ב וְאַל־יֹוכַ֣ח אִ֑ישׁ וְעַמְּךָ֖ כִּמְרִיבֵ֥י כֹהֵֽן׃ Analysis of Key Words and Structures אַ֥ךְ (ʾaḵ) – An emphatic or adversative particle meaning “indeed,” “surely,” or “nevertheless.”… Learn Hebrew
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Volitive Forms and Rhetorical Irony in Zephaniah 3:7: A Grammatical Theology of Rejected Correction

Introduction: Divine Expectation and Human Defiance in Prophetic Discourse Zephaniah 3:7 is a striking verse in the prophet’s closing oracle of judgment, where YHWH reflects on His prior disciplinary intent and Israel’s refusal to respond. It expresses divine lament and irony through a complex use of volitional forms and perfect verbs, culminating in a grim reaffirmation of covenant disobedience: אָמַ֜רְתִּי אַךְ־תִּירְאִ֤י אֹותִי֙ תִּקְחִ֣י מוּסָ֔ר וְלֹֽא־יִכָּרֵ֣ת מְעֹונָ֔הּ כֹּ֥ל אֲשֶׁר־פָּקַ֖דְתִּי עָלֶ֑יהָ אָכֵן֙ הִשְׁכִּ֣ימוּ הִשְׁחִ֔יתוּ כֹּ֖ל עֲלִילֹותָֽם׃ I said, “Surely you will fear Me, you will accept correction.”… Learn Hebrew
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The Hebrew Verb בּוֹא: To Come, Enter, or Arrive

The Hebrew verb בּוֹא (root: ב-ו-א) is a high-frequency irregular verb that means “to come,” “to go in,” “to enter,” or “to arrive.” It occurs in narrative, legal, and poetic contexts and is essential for expressing movement toward a place or event. It frequently appears with prepositions like אֶל (“to”) or בְּ (“in”). Because it is a hollow verb (middle root is ו), its forms are highly irregular in some tenses and must be memorized. It appears most frequently in the Qal binyan, with some occurrences in Hiphil (causative: “to bring in”).… Learn Hebrew
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