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The Use of Construct Chains in Jeremiah 39:3
Jeremiah 39:3 in Hebrew
וַיָּבֹ֗אוּ כֹּ֚ל שָׂרֵ֣י מֶֽלֶךְ־בָּבֶ֔ל וַיֵּשְׁב֖וּ בְּשַׁ֣עַר הַתָּ֑וֶךְ נֵרְגַ֣ל שַׂר־֠אֶצֶר סַֽמְגַּר־נְב֞וּ שַׂר־סְכִ֣ים רַב־סָרִ֗יס נֵרְגַ֤ל שַׂר־אֶ֨צֶר֙ רַב־מָ֔ג וְכָל־שְׁאֵרִ֔ית שָׂרֵ֖י מֶ֥לֶךְ בָּבֶֽל׃
Introduction to the Verse
Jeremiah 39:3 describes the arrival of Babylonian officials in Jerusalem after its conquest. The verse uses multiple construct chains to indicate hierarchical positions and relationships among the officials. Construct chains in Biblical Hebrew are important for expressing possession, titles, and rank.
Understanding the Construct Chain Structure
שָׂרֵ֣י מֶֽלֶךְ־בָּבֶ֔ל (Sarei Melekh-Bavel) – “Officials of the king of Babylon”
שָׂרֵ֣י (Sarei) is the construct plural form of שַׂר (Sar, “prince, official, commander”).… Learn Hebrew
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The Morphology of Conditional Clauses and Imperative Forms in Proverbs 2:1
Introduction to Proverbs 2:1
Proverbs 2:1 introduces a conditional clause that frames a wisdom teaching directed at the reader, portrayed as a “son.” This verse contains an implicit “if-then” structure, where the protasis (if-clause) is stated, and the apodosis (then-clause) is implied in the following verses.
The verse consists of:
A conditional verb in the imperfect (אִם־תִּקַּ֣ח, “if you take”).
A parallel imperfect verb reinforcing the condition (תִּצְפֹּ֥ן, “you store up”).
A direct object referring to wisdom’s teachings (אֲמָרָ֑י, “my words”; מִצְוֹתַ֗י, “my commandments”).… Learn Hebrew
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The Structure of Hebrew Titles and Construct Chains in Proverbs 1:1
Introduction to Proverbs 1:1
Proverbs 1:1 serves as the title for the entire book, introducing its author, lineage, and royal status. This verse follows a structured pattern common in Hebrew titles, using construct chains (מִשְׁלֵי שְׁלֹמֹה, “The Proverbs of Solomon”) to indicate possession and authorship.
This verse consists of three key elements:
1. The genre of the book (מִשְׁלֵי, “Proverbs”).
2. The author and his lineage (שְׁלֹמֹה בֶן־דָּוִד, “Solomon, son of David”).
3. His royal title (מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל, “King of Israel”).… Learn Hebrew
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The Rhetorical Structure of Complaint and the Interrogative “Why Does the Way of the Wicked Prosper?” in Jeremiah 12:1
Introduction to Jeremiah 12:1
Jeremiah 12:1 presents a theodicy, where the prophet acknowledges YHWH’s righteousness but still challenges Him regarding the prosperity of the wicked. The structure of this verse reflects a common pattern of lament and complaint in biblical literature, incorporating:
1. A declaration of YHWH’s justice (צַדִּ֤יק אַתָּה֙ יְהוָ֔ה, “You are righteous, O YHWH”).
2. An introductory concessive phrase (כִּ֥י אָרִ֖יב אֵלֶ֑יךָ, “Yet I would argue my case with You”).
3. A direct interrogative challenge (מַדּ֗וּעַ דֶּ֤רֶךְ רְשָׁעִים֙ צָלֵ֔חָה, “Why does the way of the wicked prosper?”).… Learn Hebrew
The Prohibition Construction and the Concept of Foreign Influence in 1 Kings 11:2
Introduction to 1 Kings 11:2
1 Kings 11:2 records a divine prohibition against intermarriage with foreign nations, warning that such alliances would lead to idolatry and spiritual corruption. The verse references a past command from YHWH to Israel and highlights Solomon’s failure to obey by forming relationships with foreign women. The prohibition construction (לֹֽא־תָבֹ֣אוּ בָהֶ֗ם, “You shall not enter among them”) and the consequence clause (אָכֵן֙ יַטּ֣וּ אֶת־לְבַבְכֶ֔ם, “Surely they will turn your heart”) demonstrate theological causality between disobedience and spiritual decline.… Learn Hebrew
Flattened Earth, Exalted City: Verb Forms and Geographic Prophecy in Zechariah 14:10
יִסֹּ֨וב כָּל־הָאָ֤רֶץ כָּעֲרָבָה֙ מִגֶּ֣בַע לְרִמֹּ֔ון נֶ֖גֶב יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם וְֽרָאֲמָה֩ וְיָשְׁבָ֨ה תַחְתֶּ֜יהָ לְמִשַּׁ֣עַר בִּנְיָמִ֗ן עַד־מְקֹ֞ום שַׁ֤עַר הָֽרִאשֹׁון֙ עַד־שַׁ֣עַר הַפִּנִּ֔ים וּמִגְדַּ֣ל חֲנַנְאֵ֔ל עַ֖ד יִקְבֵ֥י הַמֶּֽלֶךְ׃
Zechariah 14:10 offers a visionary description of cosmic transformation and urban restoration. This verse is structured around two prophetic verbal themes: the flattening of the land (יִסֹּוב כָּל־הָאָרֶץ כָּעֲרָבָה) and the exaltation and permanence of יְרוּשָׁלַיִם. The grammar is layered with imperfect verbs in prophetic narrative style, construct chains of geographical markers, and clause parallelism that visually maps a restructured holy land.… Learn Hebrew
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The Causative Construction and the Concept of Eternal Judgment in Obadiah 1:10
Introduction to Obadiah 1:10
Obadiah 1:10 pronounces a divine judgment on Edom, emphasizing its violence against Jacob (Israel) as the reason for its shame and permanent destruction. This verse contains a causative construction (מֵחֲמַ֛ס אָחִ֥יךָ יַעֲקֹ֖ב, “Because of the violence against your brother Jacob”) and a passive verb form (וְנִכְרַ֖תָּ, “You shall be cut off”), highlighting both the reason and the consequence of Edom’s judgment.
This study will analyze the grammatical function of causative constructions, the passive verb’s role in divine judgment, and the theological implications of Edom’s permanent downfall.… Learn Hebrew
Purification and Imperfective Syntax in Ezekiel 39:14: Grammar in the Service of Eschatology
Introduction: Ritual Cleanup and Eschatological Renewal
Ezekiel 39:14 describes a strange and solemn task given to a group of designated men after the apocalyptic battle involving Gog: they are to search for and bury corpses in order to purify the land. The verse is part of the broader theological arc of Ezekiel 38–39, which deals with the defeat of foreign invaders and the vindication of YHWH. The verse reads:
וְאַנְשֵׁ֨י תָמִ֤יד יַבְדִּ֨ילוּ֙ עֹבְרִ֣ים בָּאָ֔רֶץ מְקַבְּרִ֣ים אֶת־הָעֹבְרִ֗ים אֶת־הַנֹּותָרִ֛ים עַל־פְּנֵ֥י הָאָ֖רֶץ לְטַֽהֲרָ֑הּ מִקְצֵ֥ה שִׁבְעָֽה־חֳדָשִׁ֖ים יַחְקֹֽרוּ׃
And men of constant duty shall separate out, passing through the land, burying those who pass through—those left upon the face of the land—to cleanse it; at the end of seven months they shall search.… Learn Hebrew
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The Personification of Jerusalem and the Prophetic Use of Imperative Appeals in Lamentations 1:9
Introduction to Lamentations 1:9
Lamentations 1:9 is part of a poetic lament mourning the fall of Jerusalem, portraying the city as a defiled and abandoned woman. The verse uses personification, metaphors of impurity, and imperative appeals to YHWH, reflecting deep sorrow and theological reflection on divine judgment.
This verse contains two key literary and grammatical features:
1. Personification of Jerusalem as an impure, forgotten woman (טֻמְאָתָ֣הּ בְּשׁוּלֶ֗יהָ, “Her impurity is in her skirts”).
2. Imperative appeal to YHWH for compassion (רְאֵ֤ה יְהוָה֙ אֶת־עָנְיִ֔י, “See, O YHWH, my affliction”).… Learn Hebrew
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Exodus 39:28 – Construct Chains and Adjective Agreement
וְאֵת֙ הַמִּצְנֶ֣פֶת שֵׁ֔שׁ וְאֶת־פַּאֲרֵ֥י הַמִּגְבָּעֹ֖ת שֵׁ֑שׁ וְאֶת־מִכְנְסֵ֥י הַבָּ֖ד שֵׁ֥שׁ מָשְׁזָֽר׃
And the turban of fine linen, and the splendid caps of fine linen, and the linen trousers—of twisted fine linen.
Explanation of Feature
This verse from Exodus 39:28 demonstrates the use of construct state (סמיכות) to indicate possession or close association, and also illustrates adjective agreement in Biblical Hebrew, where adjectives must match their nouns in gender, number, and definiteness.
Each noun phrase refers to part of the priestly garments and is linked to the material used—שֵׁשׁ (shesh, fine linen), followed by מָשְׁזָר (mashzar, twisted).… Learn Hebrew
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