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Recent Articles
- “A Three-Day Journey”: The Syntax of Volition and Deixis in Exodus According to Targum Onkelos
- Disaster That Flies Down: A Hebrew Lesson on Isaiah 8:22
- Purified and Presented: A Hebrew Lesson on Numbers 8:21
- Like the Nations Before You: A Hebrew Walkthrough of Deuteronomy 8:20
- Voices of the Dead or the Living God? A Hebrew Lesson on Isaiah 8:19
- When the Ground Denies Him: A Hebrew Walkthrough of Job 8:18
- From Dust to Gnats: A Hebrew Lesson in Action
- The Power of Repetition: Exploring the Waw-Consecutive
- Through the Great and Fearsome Wilderness: From Fiery Serpent to Flowing Spring
- “Counsel Is Mine” — Exploring the Voice of Wisdom in Proverbs 8:14
- From the Garden to the Ear: Participles and Imperatives in Song of Songs 8:13
- Wisdom’s Self-Introduction: Where Insight Meets Strategy
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Under the Cover of Darkness: The Hebrew Syntax of Ambush in Joshua 8:3
וַיָּ֧קָם יְהֹושֻׁ֛עַ וְכָל־עַ֥ם הַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה לַעֲלֹ֣ות הָעָ֑י וַיִּבְחַ֣ר יְ֠הֹושֻׁעַ שְׁלֹשִׁ֨ים אֶ֤לֶף אִישׁ֙ גִּבֹּורֵ֣י הַחַ֔יִל וַיִּשְׁלָחֵ֖ם לָֽיְלָה׃
(Joshua 8:3)
And Joshua rose, and all the people of war, to go up to Ai. And Joshua chose thirty thousand men, mighty men of valor, and he sent them by night.
Opening Wayyiqtol Chain: Coordinated Action
וַיָּ֧קָם… וְכָל־עַ֥ם הַמִּלְחָמָ֖ה לַעֲלֹ֣ות הָעָ֑י
“And Yehoshua rose up, and all the people of war, to go up to ʿAi…”
The narrative begins with a series of wayyiqtol verbs:
וַיָּ֧קָם (and he arose)
וַיִּבְחַ֣ר (and he chose)
וַיִּשְׁלָחֵ֖ם (and he sent them)
This verbal chaining gives the account its forward-moving momentum, a hallmark of biblical Hebrew storytelling.… Learn Hebrew
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Lighting the Grammar: A Dialogue on יָת and Ritual Syntax in Onkelos (Numbers 8:2)
מַלֵּיל עִם אַהֲרֹן וְתֵימַר לֵיהּ בְּאַדְלָקוּתָךְ יָת בּוֹצִינַיָּא לָקֳבֵיל אַפֵּי מְנָרְתָא יְהוֹן מְנָהֲרִין שִׁבְעָא בוֹצִינַיָּא׃
(Numbers 8:2, Targum Onkelos)
Speak with Aharon and say to him: “When you kindle the lamps, opposite the face of the menorah, the seven lamps shall give light.”
Apprentice and Master Scribe: A Ritual Grammar Lesson
Apprentice: Master, I was copying from Onkelos, and in Numbers 8:2, I saw this word יָת — the direct object marker. But why here? Isn’t the verb clear enough?
Master: Ah, young scroll-rider, listen well.… Learn Hebrew
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“Then Bildad the Shuchite Answered and Said”: Hebrew Dialogue in Motion
וַ֭יַּעַן בִּלְדַּ֥ד הַשּׁוּחִ֗י וַיֹאמַֽר׃
(Job 8:1)
And Bildad the Shuchite answered and said:
Word-by-Word Explanation
וַיַּעַן – “And he answered”Verb, 3rd person masculine singular, vav-consecutive form of עָנָה (“to answer”). The וַ prefix connects this to the previous narrative sequence. This verb usually introduces a response or reply in Biblical speech.
בִּלְדַּד – “Bildad”Proper noun. One of Job’s three friends. This marks the beginning of his first speech.
הַשּׁוּחִי – “the Shuchite”Adjective or gentilic, meaning “from Shuach” (a place or ancestral line).… Learn Hebrew
Scroll Marginalia: Weighted Syntax and Sanctified Measures (Numbers 7:31, Onkelos)
קֻרְבָּנֵיהּ מְגִסְתָּא דִכְסַף חֲדָא מְאָה וּתְלָתִין סִלְעִין הֲוָה מַתְקְלַהּ מִזְרְקָא חַד דִּכְסַף מַתְקְלֵיהּ שַׁבְעִין סִלְעִין בְּסִלְעֵי קוּדְשָׁא תַּרְוֵיהוֹן מְלַן סֻלְתָּא דְּפִילָא בִמְשַׁח לְמִנְחָתָא
(Numbers 7:31, Targum Onkelos)
His offering: one silver bowl—its weight was one hundred and thirty sheqels; one silver basin—its weight was seventy sheqels, according to the sheqels of the sanctuary; both of them were filled with fine flour mixed with oil for the grain offering.
The Grammar of Quantified Worship
Though this passage lists weights and vessels, its grammar functions as liturgical architecture.… Learn Hebrew
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“His Hands Shall Bring the Fire-Offerings”: Learning Sacred Hebrew Through Priestly Ritual
יָדָ֣יו תְּבִיאֶ֔ינָה אֵ֖ת אִשֵּׁ֣י יְהוָ֑ה אֶת־הַחֵ֤לֶב עַל־הֶֽחָזֶה֙ יְבִיאֶ֔נּוּ אֵ֣ת הֶחָזֶ֗ה לְהָנִ֥יף אֹתֹ֛ו תְּנוּפָ֖ה לִפְנֵ֥י יְהוָֽה׃
(Leviticus 7:30)
His hands shall bring the fire-offerings of YHWH, the fat with the breast he shall bring it, the breast, to wave it as a wave offering before YHWH.
Word-by-Word Explanation
יָדָיו – “his hands”Noun, dual form of יָד (“hand”) with a 3rd person masculine singular suffix ָיו = “his.” Refers to the offerer’s own hands.
תְּבִיאֶינָה – “shall bring”Verb, 3rd person feminine plural, imperfect from בּוֹא (“to come/bring”).… Learn Hebrew
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Grammar of Offering: Enumerative Syntax and Appositional Closure
וּלְזֶ֣בַח הַשְּׁלָמִים֮ בָּקָ֣ר שְׁנַיִם֒ אֵילִ֤ם חֲמִשָּׁה֙ עַתֻּדִ֣ים חֲמִשָּׁ֔ה כְּבָשִׂ֥ים בְּנֵי־שָׁנָ֖ה חֲמִשָּׁ֑ה זֶ֛ה קָרְבַּ֥ן אֱלִיאָ֖ב בֶּן־חֵלֹֽן׃
(Numbers 7:29)
And for the sacrifice of peace offerings: two oxen, five rams, five male goats, five lambs a year old—this was the offering of Eli’av son of Ḥelon.
Syntax as Sacred Inventory
Numbers 7 is among the most repetitive chapters in the Torah, cataloging identical offerings by each tribal leader during the dedication of the altar. Yet each entry is syntactically precise. Numbers 7:29 presents the peace offering of Eliʾav son of Ḥelon, structured through enumerative syntax, noun-numeral pairs, and a summative appositional clause.… Learn Hebrew
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The Nation That Would Not Listen: Relative Clauses, Coordinated Verbs, and Elliptical Judgment
וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵיהֶ֗ם זֶ֤ה הַגֹּוי֙ אֲשֶׁ֣ר לֹֽוא־שָׁמְע֗וּ בְּקֹול֙ יְהוָ֣ה אֱלֹהָ֔יו וְלֹ֥א לָקְח֖וּ מוּסָ֑ר אָֽבְדָה֙ הָֽאֱמוּנָ֔ה וְנִכְרְתָ֖ה מִפִּיהֶֽם׃
(Jeremiah 7:28)
And you shall say to them: “This is the nation that did not listen to the voice of YHWH its God and did not accept discipline—faithfulness has perished and has been cut off from their mouth.”
A Sentence of Rejection
Jeremiah 7:28 delivers a prophetic indictment in compact, carefully arranged Hebrew syntax. Through the use of relative clauses, coordinated verb sequences, and an evocative final ellipsis (missing subject), the verse builds a structure of national failure.… Learn Hebrew
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Wisdom in Layers: Demonstrative Syntax and Infinitive Purpose in Qohelet
רְאֵה֙ זֶ֣ה מָצָ֔אתִי אָמְרָ֖ה קֹהֶ֑לֶת אַחַ֥ת לְאַחַ֖ת לִמְצֹ֥א חֶשְׁבֹּֽון׃
(Ecclesiastes 7:27)
See, this I have found, said Qohelet—one by one, to find an explanation.
One by One, Thought by Thought
Qohelet (Ecclesiastes) is a book of existential searching, framed by first-person reflection. In this verse, we hear a key claim: “this I have found.” But behind the philosophical tone lies sophisticated grammar—specifically the use of the demonstrative זֶה in object position, the infinitive construct לִמְצֹא as a purpose clause, and a poetic expression אַחַת לְאַחַת that illustrates Hebrew idiomatic syntax.… Learn Hebrew
The Syntax of Sacred Prohibition: Blood in Leviticus 7:26
וְכָל־דָּם֙ לֹ֣א תֹאכְל֔וּ בְּכֹ֖ל מֹושְׁבֹתֵיכֶ֑ם לָעֹ֖וף וְלַבְּהֵמָֽה׃
(Leviticus 7:26)
Clause Layout and Logical Flow
This verse is a prohibitive command composed of a negated verbal clause followed by a distributive spatial phrase and a dual object of scope. Its structure articulates an absolute prohibition applicable across all Israelite settlements:
וְכָל־דָּם לֹא תֹאכְלוּ — Main prohibitive clause (“you shall not eat any blood”)
בְּכֹל מֹושְׁבֹתֵיכֶם — Prepositional phrase limiting the command to all dwelling places
לָעֹוף וְלַבְּהֵמָה — Disjunctive phrase qualifying which types of blood are included (birds and beasts)
Syntactic Features and Highlights
Phrase
Syntactic Role
Explanation
וְכָל־דָּם
Subject (fronted)
Definite noun with כָּל emphasizes the totality of the prohibition.… Learn Hebrew
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From Exodus to Exhortation: The Syntax of Divine Persistence
לְמִן־הַיֹּ֗ום אֲשֶׁ֨ר יָצְא֤וּ אֲבֹֽותֵיכֶם֙ מֵאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרַ֔יִם עַ֖ד הַיֹּ֣ום הַזֶּ֑ה וָאֶשְׁלַ֤ח אֲלֵיכֶם֙ אֶת־כָּל־עֲבָדַ֣י הַנְּבִיאִ֔ים יֹ֖ום הַשְׁכֵּ֥ם וְשָׁלֹֽחַ׃
(Jeremiah 7:25)
Clause Structure Overview
This verse presents a temporal span from the Exodus to Jeremiah’s own day and depicts YHWH’s repeated, intentional action of sending prophets. Its syntax divides neatly into two halves:
Temporal subordinate clause introduced by לְמִן־הַיּוֹם…עַד הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה – setting the time frame.
Main verb clause: וָאֶשְׁלַח…אֶת־כָּל־עֲבָדַי הַנְּבִיאִים – YHWH’s repeated prophetic mission.
Detailed Syntax Analysis
Phrase
Syntactic Role
Notes
לְמִן־הַיֹּום אֲשֶׁר…
Temporal prepositional clause
Introduces the starting point of the timeframe, governed by לְמִן.… Learn Hebrew
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