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- Flying into the Trap: Syntactic Irony in Proverbs 7:23
- Little by Little: Divine Delay and Wild Beasts
- “And the Fish Died and the Nile Stank”: A Hebrew Lesson from Egypt’s First Plague
- The Subtle Grammar of Possession in Biblical Hebrew
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Psalm 29:3 – Parallelism and Prepositional Phrases with עַל
קֹ֥ול יְהוָ֗ה עַל־הַ֫מָּ֥יִם אֵֽל־הַכָּבֹ֥וד הִרְעִ֑ים יְ֝הוָ֗ה עַל־מַ֥יִם רַבִּֽים׃
The voice of YHWH is upon the waters; the God of glory thunders—YHWH upon many waters.
Explanation of Feature
This verse from Psalm 29:3 beautifully showcases two literary and grammatical features common in Hebrew poetry:
1. Poetic parallelism – where the second line echoes or intensifies the meaning of the first.
2. The use of the preposition עַל (“upon”) in prepositional phrases, which can express location, dominion, or movement across.
Both lines describe YHWH’s dominion over waters, reinforcing divine power in the storm imagery.… Learn Hebrew
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Exodus 29:3 – Direct Object Marker and Suffix Pronouns
וְנָתַתָּ֤ אֹותָם֙ עַל־סַ֣ל אֶחָ֔ד וְהִקְרַבְתָּ֥ אֹתָ֖ם בַּסָּ֑ל וְאֶ֨ת־הַפָּ֔ר וְאֵ֖ת שְׁנֵ֥י הָאֵילִֽם׃
And you shall place them on one basket, and you shall bring them near in the basket, and the bull and the two rams.
Explanation of Feature
In Exodus 29:3, two related grammatical features are prominent: the use of the direct object marker אֵת (’et) and pronominal suffixes attached to it—specifically אֹותָם (’otam, “them”).
The particle אֵת is used in Biblical Hebrew to mark a definite direct object. When a pronoun serves as the direct object, it merges with a variant form of אֵת—typically אוֹת (’ot) + suffix.… Learn Hebrew
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Job 29:3 – Temporal Clause with Infinitive Construct and Preposition
בְּהִלֹּ֣ו נֵ֭רֹו עֲלֵ֣י רֹאשִׁ֑י לְ֝אֹורֹו אֵ֣לֶךְ חֹֽשֶׁךְ׃
When his lamp shone upon my head, by his light I walked through darkness.
Explanation of Feature
In Job 29:3, the phrase בְּהִלֹּ֣ו demonstrates a temporal clause using a preposition + infinitive construct + pronominal suffix. This is a common Biblical Hebrew construction to express “when [someone] did something.”
The preposition בְּ (“in,” “when”) is attached to the infinitive construct of the verb הָלַל (“to shine”)—here in the Hifʿil stem, meaning “to cause to shine.”… Learn Hebrew
Jeremiah 29:3 – Construct State and Genitive Relationships
בְּיַד֙ אֶלְעָשָׂ֣ה בֶן־שָׁפָ֔ן וּגְמַרְיָ֖ה בֶּן־חִלְקִיָּ֑ה אֲשֶׁ֨ר שָׁלַ֜ח צִדְקִיָּ֣ה מֶֽלֶךְ־יְהוּדָ֗ה אֶל־נְבוּכַדְנֶאצַּ֛ר מֶ֥לֶךְ בָּבֶ֖ל בָּבֶ֥לָה לֵאמֹֽר
By the hand of Elʿasah son of Shafan and Gemaryah son of Ḥilqiyyah, whom Tsidqiyyah king of Yehudah sent to Nevukhadnetstsar king of Bavel, to Bavel, saying:
Explanation of Feature
This verse from Jeremiah 29:3 features several examples of the construct state (s’mikhut, סמיכות) — a grammatical relationship where two nouns are paired to express possession or close association. In Hebrew, the first noun is placed in a shortened or modified form (called construct state) and is immediately followed by the second noun, which is the possessor.… Learn Hebrew
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Genesis 29:3 – Waw-Consecutive and Wayyiqtol Verbs in Narrative
וְנֶאֶסְפוּ־שָׁ֣מָּה כָל־הָעֲדָרִ֗ים וְגָלֲל֤וּ אֶת־הָאֶ֨בֶן֙ מֵעַל֙ פִּ֣י הַבְּאֵ֔ר וְהִשְׁק֖וּ אֶת־הַצֹּ֑אן וְהֵשִׁ֧יבוּ אֶת־הָאֶ֛בֶן עַל־פִּ֥י הַבְּאֵ֖ר לִמְקֹמָֽהּ׃
Explanation of Feature
In Genesis 29:3, we observe a chain of verbs in the wayyiqtol form, each preceded by the waw-consecutive (וְ). This construction is a key feature in Biblical Hebrew narrative and is used to express sequential past actions.
The wayyiqtol form is derived from the imperfect (yiqtol) conjugation but takes on a past-tense narrative function when prefixed with waw and accompanied by a shift in stress and vowel.… Learn Hebrew
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Second Person Pronoun Positioning and Parallelism in Blessing Formulas
Introduction to Deuteronomy 28:3
Deuteronomy 28:3 opens the list of blessings promised to Israel for obedience. The verse consists of two parallel clauses, both beginning with בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה. The repetition of the second person pronoun אַתָּה in the same syntactic position draws attention to the formulaic and emphatic structure of the blessing. This lesson focuses on the syntax of second person pronoun placement in Biblical Hebrew, particularly in blessing and curse formulas, and its relationship to Hebrew parallelism.
בָּר֥וּךְ אַתָּ֖ה בָּעִ֑יר וּבָר֥וּךְ אַתָּ֖ה בַּשָּׂדֶֽה׃
Analysis of Key Words and Structures
בָּר֥וּךְ (barukh) – Passive participle, masculine singular, from the root ברך (“to bless”).… Learn Hebrew
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Poetic Word Order and Fronting in Biblical Hebrew
Introduction to Job 28:3
Job 28:3 forms part of a poetic discourse reflecting on human attempts to search out hidden things. What makes this verse grammatically compelling is its poetic word order and the fronting of key words for emphasis. This lesson focuses on how word order variations, especially fronting in poetic texts, function syntactically and stylistically in Biblical Hebrew to highlight abstract and theological concepts.
קֵ֤ץ שָׂ֤ם לַחֹ֗שֶׁךְ וּֽלְכָל־֭תַּכְלִית ה֣וּא חֹוקֵ֑ר אֶ֖בֶן אֹ֣פֶל וְצַלְמָֽוֶת׃
Analysis of Key Words and Structures
קֵ֤ץ (qets) – Masculine noun meaning “end” or “boundary.”… Learn Hebrew
Cause and Comparison in Prophetic Narrative: The Syntax of 2 Chronicles 28:3
Introduction to 2 Chronicles 28:3: Imitation of the Nations and Divine Displeasure
This verse documents a horrific act: the burning of children as sacrifices in the Valley of Ben-Hinnom by a king of Judah, mirroring the abominations of the surrounding nations. The grammar of this clause involves the use of a causal verb followed by a comparative structure, specifically the syntax of כְּתוֹעֲבוֹת (“like the abominations of…”) which frames the action in moral and theological comparison. This lesson explores how Hebrew uses comparison to both describe and condemn, and how this grammar conveys theological judgment through syntactic mimicry.… Learn Hebrew
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Coordinated Prepositions and Syntactic Stacking in Jeremiah 27:3
Introduction to Jeremiah 27:3: A Diplomatic Web of Judgments
This verse from Jeremiah sets the stage for a prophetic message delivered not only to Judah but to neighboring kingdoms through a dramatic diplomatic gesture. The verse is packed with repeated prepositional phrases and coordinated titles, showing how Hebrew can use syntactic stacking and repetition for rhetorical power. In this grammar lesson, we’ll focus on the use of preposition stacking and coordination—how the preposition אֶל (“to”) is repeated to emphasize plurality, weight, and divine intentionality in a prophetic chain of communication.… Learn Hebrew
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Sequential Action and Leadership: The Wayyiqtol Chain in Judges 3:27
Introduction to Judges 3:27: Trumpets, Terrain, and Tactical Leadership
This verse describes the pivotal moment when Ehud, after escaping from Eglon, mobilizes the Israelites by sounding the shofar in the hill country of Ephraim. The structure of this verse is particularly notable for its use of wayyiqtol (וַיִּקטֹל) forms, a staple of Hebrew narrative grammar that links actions in succession. This grammar lesson explores how the sequence of verbs reflects not only temporal order but also hierarchical leadership and literary momentum.… Learn Hebrew
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