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Recent Articles
- May God Enlarge Japheth: Syntax, Blessing, and Subordination in Genesis 9:27
- The Plea of the Prophet: Syntax, Intercession, and Covenant Echoes in Deuteronomy 9:26
- The Swift Flight of Life: Syntax and Poetic Motion in Job 9:25
- Fear and Syntax in Giveʿon: Nested Clauses and Theological Strategy in Joshua 9:24
- Wayyiqtol Verbs, Ruach Imagery, and Political Betrayal in Judges 9:23
- Imperatives, Prophetic Syntax, and Stark Imagery in Jeremiah 9:22
- From Ashes to Dust: The Golden Calf in Hebrew Fire and Greek Fragmentation
- Fear and Obedience: How Hebrew “הֵנִיס” Becomes Greek “συνήγαγεν”
- From Dispersion to Destiny: Hebrew “נָפְצָה” and Greek “διεσπάρησαν” in Dialogue
- Wisdom Above Weapons: The Fragility of Goodness in Hebrew and Greek
- Between Offering and Altar: The Grain Sacrifice in Hebrew and Greek
- Grammar Wielded for Glory: The Syntax of Divine Purpose in Exodus 9:16
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Category Archives: Grammar
Speaking and Showing: Sequential Actions and Demonstrative Syntax in Exodus 4:30
וַיְדַבֵּ֣ר אַהֲרֹ֔ן אֵ֚ת כָּל־הַדְּבָרִ֔ים אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּ֥ר יְהוָ֖ה אֶל־מֹשֶׁ֑ה וַיַּ֥עַשׂ הָאֹתֹ֖ת לְעֵינֵ֥י הָעָֽם׃
(Exodus 4:30)
And Aharon spoke all the words which YHWH had spoken to Moshe, and he performed the signs in the sight of the people.
Main Speech Act: וַיְדַבֵּר אַהֲרֹן
וַיְדַבֵּר (“and he spoke”) is a Piel wayyiqtol 3ms of ד־ב־ר (“to speak”), showing intensive verbal communication. אַהֲרֹן (“Aaron”) is the clear subject. This verb form moves the narrative forward sequentially, highlighting Aaron’s role as the mouthpiece.
Object of Speech: אֵת כָּל־הַדְּבָרִים אֲשֶׁר־דִּבֶּר יְהוָה אֶל־מֹשֶׁה
אֵת marks the definite direct object.… Learn Hebrew
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Seeking with All Your Heart: Imperfects, Conditionals, and Covenant Pursuit in Deuteronomy 4:29
וּבִקַּשְׁתֶּ֥ם מִשָּׁ֛ם אֶת־יְהוָ֥ה אֱלֹהֶ֖יךָ וּמָצָ֑אתָ כִּ֣י תִדְרְשֶׁ֔נּוּ בְּכָל־לְבָבְךָ֖ וּבְכָל־נַפְשֶֽׁךָ׃
(Deuteronomy 4:29)
But from there you will seek YHWH your God, and you will find Him if you search for Him with all your heart and all your soul.
Initiation of Seeking: וּבִקַּשְׁתֶּם מִשָּׁם אֶת־יְהוָה אֱלֹהֶיךָ
וּבִקַּשְׁתֶּם (“and you will seek”) is a Piel perfect 2mp from ב־ק־שׁ (“to seek, inquire”), preceded by vav-consecutive, turning the perfect into a predictive future. מִשָּׁם (“from there”) marks the place of exile as the starting point of seeking.… Learn Hebrew
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Silent Idols: Infinitives, Negation, and Sensory Absence in Deuteronomy 4:28
וַעֲבַדְתֶּם־שָׁ֣ם אֱלֹהִ֔ים מַעֲשֵׂ֖ה יְדֵ֣י אָדָ֑ם עֵ֣ץ וָאֶ֔בֶן אֲשֶׁ֤ר לֹֽא־יִרְאוּן֙ וְלֹ֣א יִשְׁמְע֔וּן וְלֹ֥א יֹֽאכְל֖וּן וְלֹ֥א יְרִיחֻֽן׃
(Deuteronomy 4:28)
And there you will serve gods, the work of human hands, wood and stone, which neither see, nor hear, nor eat, nor smell.
Future Prediction: וַעֲבַדְתֶּם־שָׁם אֱלֹהִים
וַעֲבַדְתֶּם is a Qal wayyiqtol 2mp of ע־ב־ד (“to serve”), used here predictively: “and you shall serve.” The location שָׁם (“there”) marks exile, indicating worship in a foreign land. אֱלֹהִים here refers not to the true God, but to foreign idols — a bitter irony conveyed by context.… Learn Hebrew
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The Hebrew Verb גָּזַר: To Cut, Decree, or Decide
The Hebrew verb גָּזַר (root: ג-ז-ר) primarily means “to cut,” “to divide,” or “to decree.” Originally, it referred to a literal act of cutting or severing something. Over time, it took on a more abstract meaning, describing a legal or authoritative decision (i.e., a decree being issued, as if it were “cut out” or finalized).
This verb appears mainly in the Qal binyan (to cut, to decide), and sometimes in the Niphal binyan (to be decreed or decided).
Qal Binyan Conjugation of גָּזַר (“to cut,” “to decree”)
Past (Perfect) Tense
Person
Form
1st person singular
גָּזַרְתִּי
2nd person masculine singular
גָּזַרְתָּ
2nd person feminine singular
גָּזַרְתְּ
3rd person masculine singular
גָּזַר
3rd person feminine singular
גָּזְרָה
1st person plural
גָּזַרְנוּ
2nd person masculine plural
גְּזַרְתֶּם
2nd person feminine plural
גְּזַרְתֶּן
3rd person plural
גָּזְרוּ
Present (Participle) Tense
Gender/Number
Form
Masculine singular
גּוֹזֵר
Feminine singular
גּוֹזֶרֶת
Masculine plural
גּוֹזְרִים
Feminine plural
גּוֹזְרוֹת
Future (Imperfect) Tense
Person
Form
1st person singular
אֶגְזֹּר
2nd person masculine singular
תִּגְזֹּר
2nd person feminine singular
תִּגְזְּרִי
3rd person masculine singular
יִגְזֹּר
3rd person feminine singular
תִּגְזֹּר
1st person plural
נִגְזֹּר
2nd person masculine plural
תִּגְזְּרוּ
2nd person feminine plural
תִּגְזֹּרְנָה
3rd person plural
יִגְזְּרוּ
Imperative Mood
Person
Form
2nd person masculine singular
גְּזֹּר
2nd person feminine singular
גִּזְרִי
2nd person masculine plural
גִּזְרוּ
2nd person feminine plural
גְּזֹּרְנָה
Usage in Scripture
Job 22:28 – וְתִגְזֹּר אֹמֶר וְיָקָם לָךְ
“You will also decree a thing, and it will be established for you.”… Learn Hebrew
Meeting in the Wilderness: Commands, Encounters, and Sequential Verbs in Exodus 4:27
וַיֹּ֤אמֶר יְהוָה֙ אֶֽל־אַהֲרֹ֔ן לֵ֛ךְ לִקְרַ֥את מֹשֶׁ֖ה הַמִּדְבָּ֑רָה וַיֵּ֗לֶךְ וַֽיִּפְגְּשֵׁ֛הוּ בְּהַ֥ר הָאֱלֹהִ֖ים וַיִּשַּׁק־לֹֽו׃
(Exodus 4:27)
And YHWH said to Aharon, “Go to meet Moshe in the wilderness.” And he went and met him on the mountain of God and kissed him.
Divine Command: וַיֹּאמֶר יְהוָה אֶל־אַהֲרֹן
וַיֹּאמֶר is a Qal wayyiqtol 3ms of א־מ־ר (“to say”), standard for narrative progression. יְהוָה is the divine speaker, and אֶל־אַהֲרֹן marks Aaron as the recipient. This phrase introduces a command directly from God to Aaron.… Learn Hebrew
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The Ravaged Vineyard: Visionary Perfects and Destruction Syntax in Jeremiah 4:26
רָאִ֕יתִי וְהִנֵּ֥ה הַכַּרְמֶ֖ל הַמִּדְבָּ֑ר וְכָל־עָרָ֗יו נִתְּצוּ֙ מִפְּנֵ֣י יְהוָ֔ה מִפְּנֵ֖י חֲרֹ֥ון אַפֹּֽו׃
(Jeremiah 4:26)
I saw, and behold, the Karmel was a wilderness, and all its cities were broken down before YHWH, before the burning of His anger.
Vision Report: רָאִיתִי וְהִנֵּה
רָאִיתִי (“I saw”) is a Qal perfect 1cs of ר־א־ה (“to see”), indicating a complete visionary act. וְהִנֵּה (“and behold”) introduces the object of the vision, creating dramatic immediacy typical of prophetic revelations.
Desolate Landscape: הַכַּרְמֶל הַמִּדְבָּר
הַכַּרְמֶל (“the fertile land” or “vineyard”) is used here ironically.… Learn Hebrew
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Blood and Altar: Precision and Ritual Syntax in Leviticus 4:25
וְלָקַ֨ח הַכֹּהֵ֜ן מִדַּ֤ם הַֽחַטָּאת֙ בְּאֶצְבָּעֹ֔ו וְנָתַ֕ן עַל־קַרְנֹ֖ת מִזְבַּ֣ח הָעֹלָ֑ה וְאֶת־דָּמֹ֣ו יִשְׁפֹּ֔ךְ אֶל־יְסֹ֖וד מִזְבַּ֥ח הָעֹלָֽה׃
(Leviticus 4:25)
And the priest shall take from the blood of the sin offering with his finger and put it on the horns of the altar of the burnt offering, and the rest of its blood he shall pour out at the base of the altar of the burnt offering.
Sequential Ritual Actions: וְלָקַ֨ח… וְנָתַ֕ן… יִשְׁפֹּ֔ךְ
The verse progresses through a sequence of wayyiqtol verbs:
וְלָקַ֨ח — “and he shall take” (Qal wayyiqtol 3ms from ל־ק־ח)
וְנָתַ֕ן — “and he shall put” (Qal wayyiqtol 3ms from נ־ת־ן)
יִשְׁפֹּ֔ךְ — “he shall pour out” (Qal imperfect 3ms from ש־פ־ך)
This sequence defines the priest’s precise duties in handling the blood of the sin offering, emphasizing ritual order and sacred space.… Learn Hebrew
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Hands, Heads, and Holy Places: Ritual Syntax in Leviticus 4:24
וְסָמַ֤ךְ יָדֹו֙ עַל־רֹ֣אשׁ הַשָּׂעִ֔יר וְשָׁחַ֣ט אֹתֹ֔ו בִּמְקֹ֛ום אֲשֶׁר־יִשְׁחַ֥ט אֶת־הָעֹלָ֖ה לִפְנֵ֣י יְהוָ֑ה חַטָּ֖את הֽוּא׃
(Leviticus 4:24)
And he shall lay his hand upon the head of the goat and slaughter it in the place where the burnt offering is slaughtered before YHWH; it is a sin offering.
Sequential Actions: וְסָמַ֤ךְ… וְשָׁחַ֣ט
The verse opens with two wayyiqtol verbs: וְסָמַ֤ךְ (“and he shall lay”) and וְשָׁחַ֣ט (“and he shall slaughter”), from the roots ס־מ־ך and ש־ח־ט respectively. These forms are Qal wayyiqtol 3ms and represent sequential narrative events — typical in priestly and ritual texts to indicate ordered procedure.… Learn Hebrew
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Craftsmen and Kingship: Participles and Prepositional Structure in 1 Chronicles 4:23
הֵ֚מָּה הַיֹּ֣וצְרִ֔ים וְיֹשְׁבֵ֥י נְטָעִ֖ים וּגְדֵרָ֑ה עִם־הַמֶּ֥לֶךְ בִּמְלַאכְתֹּ֖ו יָ֥שְׁבוּ שָֽׁם׃
(1 Chronicles 4:23)
These were the potters and inhabitants of Netaim and Gedera; they dwelt there with the king in his work.
Subject Pronoun and Identity: הֵ֚מָּה
הֵמָּה (“they”) is a third-person plural independent pronoun, often used to emphasize the subject. Here, it introduces a descriptive summary of a specific group of people, identifying them with vocational and geographical associations.
Participles in Apposition: הַיֹּ֣וצְרִ֔ים וְיֹשְׁבֵ֥י
הַיֹּ֣וצְרִים is a Qal participle masculine plural from the root י־צ־ר (“to form, shape”), meaning “the potters.”… Learn Hebrew
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Guarding by Night, Working by Day: Temporal Clauses and Role Syntax in Nehemiah 4:22
גַּ֣ם בָּעֵ֤ת הַהִיא֙ אָמַ֣רְתִּי לָעָ֔ם אִ֣ישׁ וְנַעֲרֹ֔ו יָלִ֖ינוּ בְּתֹ֣וךְ יְרוּשָׁלִָ֑ם וְהָֽיוּ־לָ֧נוּ הַלַּ֛יְלָה מִשְׁמָ֖ר וְהַיֹּ֥ום מְלָאכָֽה׃
(Nehemiah 4:22)
Also at that time I said to the people, Let every man and his servant lodge inside Jerusalem, so that by night they may be a guard for us, and by day a labor force.
Temporal Phrase: בָּעֵ֤ת הַהִיא
The phrase בָּעֵ֤ת הַהִיא means “at that time.” It combines the preposition בְּ (“in, at”) with the noun עֵת (“time, occasion”) and the demonstrative adjective הַהִיא (“that”).… Learn Hebrew
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