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Recent Articles
- Proverbs and Their Grammatical Structure
- Descending into Night: Time Expressions and Poetic Parallelism in Biblical Hebrew
- The Tiberian Vowel System
- When God Speaks: The Syntax of Divine Speech Frames in Biblical Hebrew
- The Role of Gutturals (א, ה, ח, ע) in Verb Conjugation
- “Into the Ark Together”: Order, Gender, and Cause in the LXX Rendering of Noah’s Entry
- Burning Beneath the Pot: Simile Syntax and Semantic Force in Ecclesiastes 7:6
- Gutturals in Biblical Hebrew
- Guarded by Grammar: Purpose Clauses and Verbal Suffixes in Proverbs 7:5
- And They Fled Before the Men of ʿAi”: A Hebrew Battle Surprise
- Theophoric Names in the Hebrew Bible: Divine Elements in Human Identity
- “Go Out to Meet Ahaz”: A Hebrew Mission in Isaiah 7:3
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Hebrew Tenses
The Nature of Tense in Hebrew Verbs
The designation of the term tense in the context of Hebrew verbs is a misnomer that has long led to misunderstandings regarding the function of the Hebrew verbal system. Unlike Indo-European languages, where tenses primarily indicate temporal distinctions (past, present, future), Hebrew verbs do not inherently express time. Instead, Hebrew verbs convey the state of an action—whether it is completed (perfect) or ongoing (imperfect). This distinction is fundamental to understanding the Hebrew verbal system and its application in both biblical and modern contexts.… Learn Hebrew
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Separation and Settlement: Accumulation, Coordination, and Displacement in Genesis 36:6
Genesis 36:6
וַיִּקַּ֣ח עֵשָׂ֡ו אֶת־֠נָשָׁיו וְאֶת־בָּנָ֣יו וְאֶת־בְּנֹתָיו֮ וְאֶת־כָּל־נַפְשֹׁ֣ות בֵּיתֹו֒ וְאֶת־מִקְנֵ֣הוּ וְאֶת־כָּל־בְּהֶמְתֹּ֗ו וְאֵת֙ כָּל־קִנְיָנֹ֔ו אֲשֶׁ֥ר רָכַ֖שׁ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ כְּנָ֑עַן וַיֵּ֣לֶךְ אֶל־אֶ֔רֶץ מִפְּנֵ֖י יַעֲקֹ֥ב אָחִֽיו׃
Opening Verb: וַיִּקַּח עֵשָׂו
וַיִּקַּח is a Qal wayyiqtol 3ms of ל־ק־ח (“to take”), introducing narrative progression: “Esav took.” The subject עֵשָׂו is explicitly stated for clarity and emphasis. This verb governs a long coordinated list of direct objects, indicating deliberate action.
Coordinated Objects: וְאֶת־נָשָׁיו… וְאֶת־כָּל־קִנְיָנֹו
This verse contains a tightly constructed series of accusative phrases introduced by אֶת or וְאֶת, each marking a new element Esav took with him:
נָשָׁיו — “his wives”
בָּנָיו — “his sons”
בְּנֹתָיו — “his daughters”
כָּל־נַפְשׁוֹת בֵּיתֹו — “all the people of his household”
מִקְנֵהוּ — “his livestock”
כָּל־בְּהֶמְתּוֹ — “all his animals”
כָּל־קִנְיָנוֹ — “all his possessions”
This accumulation reflects Esav’s wealth and the completeness of his departure.… Learn Hebrew
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Plots and Stems: The Binyanim That Build Gallows
וַתֹּ֣אמֶר לֹו֩ זֶ֨רֶשׁ אִשְׁתֹּ֜ו וְכָל־אֹֽהֲבָ֗יו יַֽעֲשׂוּ־עֵץ֮ גָּבֹ֣הַּ חֲמִשִּׁ֣ים אַמָּה֒ וּבַבֹּ֣קֶר אֱמֹ֣ר לַמֶּ֗לֶךְ וְיִתְלוּ אֶֽת־מָרְדֳּכַי֙ עָלָ֔יו וּבֹֽא־עִם־הַמֶּ֥לֶךְ אֶל הַמִּשְׁתֶּ֖ה שָׂמֵ֑חַ וַיִּיטַ֧ב הַדָּבָ֛ר לִפְנֵ֥י הָמָ֖ן וַיַּ֥עַשׂ הָעֵֽץ׃ (Esther 5:14)
Then Zeresh his wife and all his friends said to him, “Let them make a tree fifty cubits high, and in the morning say to the king and let them hang Mordokhai on it. Then go with the king to the banquet joyful.” And the thing was pleasing in the eyes of Haman, and he made the tree
Setting the Stage
In this darkly ironic scene from Esther, evil schemes are made to look light-hearted, and verbs do the dirty work.… Learn Hebrew
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Sworn to Bury: Oaths, Infinitives, and Politeness Forms in Genesis 50:5
Genesis 50:5
אָבִ֞י הִשְׁבִּיעַ֣נִי לֵאמֹ֗ר הִנֵּ֣ה אָנֹכִי֮ מֵת֒ בְּקִבְרִ֗י אֲשֶׁ֨ר כָּרִ֤יתִי לִי֙ בְּאֶ֣רֶץ כְּנַ֔עַן שָׁ֖מָּה תִּקְבְּרֵ֑נִי וְעַתָּ֗ה אֶֽעֱלֶה־נָּ֛א וְאֶקְבְּרָ֥ה אֶת־אָבִ֖י וְאָשֽׁוּבָה׃
Oath Introduction: אָבִי הִשְׁבִּיעַנִי לֵאמֹר
אָבִי (“my father”) is the subject of the sentence. הִשְׁבִּיעַנִי is a Hiphil perfect 3ms + 1cs suffix of ש־ב־ע (“to make someone swear”), meaning “he caused me to swear.” לֵאמֹר (“saying”) is the infinitive construct introducing direct speech. This formula is common in narrative Hebrew when quoting an oath or divine word.
Quoted Oath: הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי מֵת
הִנֵּה (“behold”) emphasizes the gravity of the oath.… Learn Hebrew
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Pursuit and Confrontation: Imperatives and Sequential Clauses in Genesis 44:4
Genesis 44:4
הֵ֠ם יָֽצְא֣וּ אֶת־הָעִיר֮ לֹ֣א הִרְחִיקוּ֒ וְיֹוסֵ֤ף אָמַר֙ לַֽאֲשֶׁ֣ר עַל־בֵּיתֹ֔ו ק֥וּם רְדֹ֖ף אַחֲרֵ֣י הָֽאֲנָשִׁ֑ים וְהִשַּׂגְתָּם֙ וְאָמַרְתָּ֣ אֲלֵהֶ֔ם לָ֛מָּה שִׁלַּמְתֶּ֥ם רָעָ֖ה תַּ֥חַת טֹובָֽה׃
Clause One: הֵם יָצְאוּ אֶת־הָעִיר
הֵם (“they”) is the subject pronoun. יָצְאוּ (Qal perfect 3mp of י־צ־א) means “they went out.” The preposition אֶת here functions unusually with a place — אֶת־הָעִיר (“from the city”), which normally takes מִן. This construction likely carries narrative style and idiomatic influence.
Negative Perfect: לֹא הִרְחִיקוּ
לֹא negates the verb הִרְחִיקוּ (Hiphil perfect 3mp from ר־ח־ק, “to go far”), meaning “they had not gone far.”… Learn Hebrew
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Clause Structure and Theological Expression in Esther 4:3
Introduction: Contextual and Literary Setting of Esther 4:3
Esther 4:3 captures the moment of national crisis in the Persian diaspora, following Haman’s genocidal decree against the Jews. The verse is positioned within the narrative tension that prompts Esther’s eventual intervention. It reads:
וּבְכָל־מְדִינָ֣ה וּמְדִינָ֗ה מְקֹום֙ אֲשֶׁ֨ר דְּבַר־הַמֶּ֤לֶךְ וְדָתֹו֙ מַגִּ֔יעַ אֵ֤בֶל גָּדֹול֙ לַיְּהוּדִ֔ים וְצֹ֥ום וּבְכִ֖י וּמִסְפֵּ֑ד שַׂ֣ק וָאֵ֔פֶר יֻצַּ֖ע לָֽרַבִּֽים׃
And in every province and province, wherever the word of the king and his law reached, there was great mourning among the Jews, and fasting, and weeping, and lamenting; sackcloth and ashes were spread out for the many.… Learn Hebrew
The Use of the Cohortative and Jussive in Saul’s Final Request in 1 Samuel 31:4
Introduction to 1 Samuel 31:4
1 Samuel 31:4 records the tragic final moments of King Saul, where he commands his armor-bearer to kill him, fearing humiliation at the hands of the Philistines. This verse features the cohortative and jussive verb forms, which express Saul’s urgent request and the armor-bearer’s refusal. The interplay between cohortative (self-motivated volition) and jussive (third-person commands) provides insight into Saul’s desperation and his attempt to maintain control over his fate.
This study will analyze the grammatical function of the cohortative and jussive in Saul’s plea, the syntactic parallelism of the verbs, and the theological implications of his self-inflicted death.… Learn Hebrew
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Volitional Modality and Antithetical Parallelism in Psalm 25:3
Introduction to Psalm 25:3: Volition, Shame, and Contrast in Hebrew Poetry
Psalm 25:3 presents a theological contrast between two groups: those who קִוּוּ (“wait” or “hope”) for YHWH, and those who act treacherously. The grammatical structure distinguishes these groups by using volitional imperfect forms (expressing desire or prediction), strong negation, and poetic parallelism. This analysis will explore how Hebrew syntax, verb aspect, and poetic structure express profound theological and moral distinctions.
גַּ֣ם כָּל־֭קֹוֶיךָ לֹ֣א יֵבֹ֑שׁוּ יֵ֝בֹ֗שׁוּ הַבֹּוגְדִ֥ים רֵיקָֽם׃
This lesson is based on Psalm 25:3, focusing on the topic: ‘Volitional Modality and Antithetical Parallelism in Hebrew: The Syntax of Hope and Shame.’… Learn Hebrew
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The Syntax of Glory Overflowing: A Grammatical Vision in Habakkuk 2:14
כִּ֚י תִּמָּלֵ֣א הָאָ֔רֶץ לָדַ֖עַת אֶת־כְּבֹ֣וד יְהוָ֑ה כַּמַּ֖יִם יְכַסּ֥וּ עַל־יָֽם (Habakkuk 2:14)
Overview: Syntax as Prophetic Fulfillment
Habakkuk 2:14 delivers a breathtaking vision of divine glory flooding the earth. The verse’s structure combines prophetic perfects, infinitives of purpose, and vivid similes to describe a universal revelation of YHWH’s presence. The syntax is both expansive and precise—mirroring the subject it conveys.
Clause Structure: One Vision, Two Clauses
The verse consists of two coordinated clauses:
1. כִּ֚י תִּמָּלֵ֣א הָאָ֔רֶץ לָדַ֖עַת אֶת־כְּבֹ֣וד יְהוָ֑ה
“For the earth shall be filled with the knowledge of the glory of YHWH”
2.… Learn Hebrew
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The Simplicity and Subtlety of Hebrew Verbal Morphology
Overview of the Hebrew Verbal System
The Biblical Hebrew verb is both deceptively simple and powerfully expressive. Unlike Indo-European languages, which typically have a rich array of tenses and moods, Biblical Hebrew operates with remarkable economy. It uses just two core tense-forms—Perfect and Imperfect—alongside an Imperative (in the active voice), two Infinitives (construct and absolute), and a single Participle. These limited morphological categories are leveraged syntactically to express a vast array of temporal, modal, and aspectual nuances.
The basic simplicity of form in Hebrew is not a deficiency but rather a testament to its reliance on context, discourse structure, and syntactic positioning to convey distinctions of time and mood.… Learn Hebrew
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