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Author Archives: Biblical Hebrew

About Biblical Hebrew

Learn Biblical Hebrew Online. Studying Biblical Hebrew online opens a direct window into the sacred texts of the Hebrew Bible, allowing readers to engage with Scripture in its original linguistic and cultural context. By learning the language in which much of the Tanakh was written, students can move beyond translations and discover the nuanced meanings, poetic structures, and theological depth embedded in the Hebrew text. Online learning provides flexible and accessible avenues to build these skills, whether through self-paced modules, guided instruction, or interactive resources. As one grows in proficiency, the richness of biblical narratives, laws, prayers, and prophetic visions comes to life with renewed clarity, making the study of Biblical Hebrew not only an intellectual pursuit but a deeply rewarding spiritual and cultural journey.

The Interrogative Particle אָ֚נָה in Song of Songs 6:1

Posted on June 1, 2019 by Biblical Hebrew
אָ֚נָה הָלַ֣ךְ דֹּודֵ֔ךְ הַיָּפָ֖ה בַּנָּשִׁ֑ים אָ֚נָה פָּנָ֣ה דֹודֵ֔ךְ וּנְבַקְשֶׁ֖נּוּ עִמָּֽךְ׃ (Song of Songs 6:1) Where has your beloved gone, O most beautiful among women? Where has your beloved turned, that we may seek him with you? Song of Songs 6:1 presents a question directed to the beloved woman, asking about the whereabouts of her lover. The interrogative particle אָ֚נָה (ʾānāh) plays a crucial role in shaping the inquiry, as it introduces a directional or locative question rather than a simple “where” question.… Learn Hebrew
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Forsaken Bonds: Syntax of Abandonment and Relational Disintegration in Job 19:14

Posted on May 14, 2019 by Biblical Hebrew
חָדְל֥וּ קְרֹובָ֑י וּֽמְיֻדָּעַ֥י שְׁכֵחֽוּנִי׃ (Job 19:14) My close relatives have ceased, and my acquaintances have forgotten me. Lament and the Grammar of Isolation Job 19:14 stands as part of one of the most emotionally intense chapters in the Book of Job. Here, Job catalogs his experience of being forsaken by all social connections—family, friends, and community. The syntax of this verse condenses that desolation into two succinct poetic cola. Though brief, this verse leverages parallelism, verb aspect, and lexical resonance to portray the disintegration of Job’s relational world.… Learn Hebrew
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Coordinated Spatial Phrases with Prepositional Ellipsis in Priestly Procedures

Posted on May 4, 2019 by Biblical Hebrew
וְלָקַ֨ח הַכֹּהֵ֜ן מִדַּ֣ם הַחַטָּ֗את וְנָתַן֙ אֶל־מְזוּזַ֣ת הַבַּ֔יִת וְאֶל־אַרְבַּ֛ע פִּנֹּ֥ות הָעֲזָרָ֖ה לַמִּזְבֵּ֑חַ וְעַ֨ל־מְזוּזַ֔ת שַׁ֖עַר הֶחָצֵ֥ר הַפְּנִימִֽית׃ (Ezekiel 45:19) And the priest shall take some of the blood of the sin offering and put it on the doorpost of the house, and on the four corners of the ledge of the altar, and on the doorpost of the gate of the inner court. Ezekiel 45:19 details a priestly ritual involving the application of blood during purification. The verse features a sequence of coordinated prepositional phrases, most of which begin with אֶל־ (“to/onto”), though one is introduced with עַל־.… Learn Hebrew
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The Cohortative Verb אָשִׁירָה in Isaiah 5:1

Posted on May 1, 2019 by Biblical Hebrew
אָשִׁ֤ירָה נָּא֙ לִֽידִידִ֔י שִׁירַ֥ת דֹּודִ֖י לְכַרְמֹ֑ו כֶּ֛רֶם הָיָ֥ה לִֽידִידִ֖י בְּקֶ֥רֶן בֶּן־שָֽׁמֶן׃ (Isaiah 5:1) Let me sing now for my beloved a song of my beloved about his vineyard: My beloved had a vineyard on a very fertile hill. Isaiah 5:1 introduces the famous “Song of the Vineyard,” a poetic allegory describing YHWH’s relationship with Israel through the imagery of a vineyard. The opening verb אָשִׁירָה (ʾāšîrāh) is in the cohortative form, a grammatical structure often used to express intention, resolve, or exhortation in Biblical Hebrew.… Learn Hebrew
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Boundaries of the Promised Land: Geographic Chains and Appositional Syntax in Deuteronomy 4:48

Posted on April 8, 2019 by Biblical Hebrew
Deuteronomy 4:48 מֵעֲרֹעֵ֞ר אֲשֶׁ֨ר עַל־שְׂפַת־נַ֧חַל אַרְנֹ֛ן וְעַד־הַ֥ר שִׂיאֹ֖ן ה֥וּא חֶרְמֹֽון׃ Starting Point: מֵעֲרֹעֵר מֵעֲרֹעֵר (“from ʿAroʿer”) begins the description of the land’s extent. מִן (“from”) is contracted as מֵ before a guttural letter. עֲרֹעֵר is a known settlement east of the Jordan River, marking the southern starting point of the boundary. Relative Description: אֲשֶׁר עַל־שְׂפַת־נַחַל אַרְנֹן אֲשֶׁר (“which”) introduces a relative clause describing עֲרֹעֵר. עַל־שְׂפַת־נַחַל אַרְנֹן (“upon the bank of the Arnon brook”) specifies the location: עַל — “upon” שְׂפַת — “edge, bank” (construct of שָׂפָה) נַחַל — “wadi, stream” (construct relationship: “bank of the wadi”) אַרְנֹן — the specific wadi/river name The construct chain packs geographic precision into a compact phrase, vividly situating the starting point.… Learn Hebrew
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The Semantics of the Hiphil Perfect and Divine Election in Psalm 4:4

Posted on April 4, 2019 by Biblical Hebrew
וּדְע֗וּ כִּֽי־הִפְלָ֣ה יְ֭הוָה חָסִ֣יד לֹ֑ו יְהוָ֥ה יִ֝שְׁמַ֗ע בְּקָרְאִ֥י אֵלָֽיו׃ (Psalm 4:4) And know that the LORD has set apart the faithful one for Himself; the LORD will hear when I call to Him. Liturgical Assurance in the Structure of Psalm 4:4 Psalm 4 is a psalm of David that blends supplication with confident trust in divine justice. Verse 4 (Hebrew 4:3) functions as a theological turning point, contrasting the behavior of the wicked with the security of the righteous. The verse reads: This verse combines a declarative imperative (וּדְעוּ), a Hiphil perfect verb (הִפְלָה), and a volitional future (יִשְׁמַע) to create a poetic structure of confident appeal.… Learn Hebrew
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Strength in Repetition: The Binyanim Behind Divine Encouragement

Posted on April 2, 2019 by Biblical Hebrew
וְעַתָּ֣ה חֲזַ֣ק זְרֻבָּבֶ֣ל נְאֻם־יְהוָ֡ה וַחֲזַ֣ק יְהֹושֻׁ֣עַ בֶּן־יְהֹוצָדָק֩ הַכֹּהֵ֨ן הַגָּדֹ֜ול וַחֲזַ֨ק כָּל־עַ֥ם הָאָ֛רֶץ נְאֻם־יְהוָ֖ה וַֽעֲשׂ֑וּ כִּֽי־אֲנִ֣י אִתְּכֶ֔ם נְאֻ֖ם יְהוָ֥ה צְבָאֹֽות׃ (Haggai 2:4) But now, be strong, Zerubbabel—declares YHWH—and be strong, Yehoshua son of Yehotsadaq, the high priest, and be strong, all the people of the land—declares YHWH—and work! For I am with you—declares YHWH of Hosts. Divine Grammar in Triplets The Hebrew of Haggai 2:4 builds intensity through grammatical repetition. Three consecutive imperatives of the verb חזק (“be strong”) frame YHWH’s address to three distinct groups.… Learn Hebrew
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The Hifil Verb וַיַּלְעֵג in Nehemiah 4:1

Posted on April 1, 2019 by Biblical Hebrew
וַיְהִ֞י כַּאֲשֶׁ֧ר שָׁמַ֣ע סַנְבַלַּ֗ט כִּֽי־אֲנַ֤חְנוּ בֹונִים֙ אֶת־הַ֣חֹומָ֔ה וַיִּ֣חַר לֹ֔ו וַיִּכְעַ֖ס הַרְבֵּ֑ה וַיַּלְעֵ֖ג עַל־הַיְּהוּדִֽים׃ (Nehemiah 4:1) And it happened, when Sanballat heard that we were building the wall, he became angry and was greatly enraged, and he mocked the Jews. Nehemiah 4:1 describes the reaction of Sanballat upon hearing that the Israelites were rebuilding the wall of Jerusalem. His response is one of anger and mockery, as captured by the Hifil verb וַיַּלְעֵג (vayyilʿēg). This verb is key to understanding the intensity and direction of his scorn, as the Hifil stem often implies causative action.… Learn Hebrew
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Grammatical-Theological Analysis of Psalm 30:4

Posted on March 30, 2019 by Biblical Hebrew
יְֽהוָ֗ה הֶֽעֱלִ֣יתָ מִן־שְׁאֹ֣ול נַפְשִׁ֑י חִ֝יִּיתַ֗נִי מִיֹּרְדֵי־בֹֽור׃ 1. Verb Forms and Divine Action: הֶעֱלִ֣יתָ and חִיִּיתַ֗נִי The first verb, הֶֽעֱלִ֣יתָ (“You brought up”), is a Hifil perfect 2nd person masculine singular from the root עָלָה (“to go up”). The Hifil stem gives it a causative nuance—”You caused [me] to ascend.” This verb conveys divine initiative in reversing the downward trajectory of death or despair. The perfect form marks the action as completed: God has definitively intervened. The second verb, חִיִּיתַ֗נִי (“You gave me life”), is also a Hifil perfect 2nd person masculine singular, from the root חָיָה (“to live”).… Learn Hebrew
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The Nifal Imperative הֵאָסְפוּ in Amos 3:9

Posted on March 9, 2019 by Biblical Hebrew
הַשְׁמִ֨יעוּ֙ עַל־אַרְמְנֹ֣ות בְּאַשְׁדֹּ֔וד וְעַֽל־אַרְמְנֹ֖ות בְּאֶ֣רֶץ מִצְרָ֑יִם וְאִמְר֗וּ הֵאָֽסְפוּ֙ עַל־הָרֵ֣י שֹׁמְרֹ֔ון וּרְא֞וּ מְהוּמֹ֤ת רַבֹּות֙ בְּתֹוכָ֔הּ וַעֲשׁוּקִ֖ים בְּקִרְבָּֽהּ׃ (Amos 3:9) Proclaim over the palaces in Ashdod and over the palaces in the land of Egypt, and say: Gather yourselves on the mountains of Samaria, and see the great tumults within her and the oppressed in her midst. Amos 3:9 records a divine summons to the nations, calling them to assemble and witness the injustice occurring in Shomron (Samaria). The verb הֵאָסְפוּ (heʾasəfū) appears in the Nifal imperative form, which is significant because it conveys a command to gather while also implying a passive or reflexive nuance.… Learn Hebrew
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