Vocative Particles and Poetic Judgments in Isaiah 28:1
Introduction to Isaiah 28:1: A Woe Upon Ephraim Isaiah 28:1 begins a poetic and prophetic denunciation of the northern kingdom of Israel, referred to here as אֶפְרַ֔יִם. The verse opens with the interjection הֹ֗וי, a literary vocative particle that introduces oracles of woe, lament, or denunciation. This lesson will focus on the use of vocative…