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Qal (The Pure Stem)
The common form of the 3rd sing. masc. of the Perfect Qal is קָטַל, with ă (Pathaḥ) in the second syllable, especially in transitive verbs. There is also a form with ē (Ṣere, originally ĭ), and another with ō (Ḥolem, originally ŭ) in the second syllable, both of which, however, have almost always an intransitive meaning, and serve to express states and qualities, e.g. כָּבֵד to be heavy, קָטֹן to be small.
Rem. 1. The vowel of the second syllable is the principal vowel, and hence on it depends the distinction between the transitive and intransitive meaning.… Learn Hebrew
Dageš Forte
In grammar Dageš forte, the sign of strengthening, is the more important. It may be compared to the sicilicus of the Latins (Lucul̂us for Lucullus) or to the stroke over m̄ and n̄. In the unpointed text it is omitted, like the vowels and other reading signs. Oort, Theol. Tijdschr. 1902, p. 376, maintains that ‘the Masoretes recognized no distinction between Dageš lene and forte. They used a Dageš where they considered that a letter had the sharp, not the soft or aspirated sound.’… Learn Hebrew
Dageš
Dageš, a point standing in the middle of a consonant, denotes,
(a) the strengthening of a consonant (Dageš forte), e.g. קִטֵּל qiṭṭēl ; or
(b) the harder pronunciation of the letters בְּגַדְכְּפַת (Dageš lene).
The root דגשׁ in Syriac means to pierce through, to bore through (with sharp iron); hence the name Dageš is commonly explained, solely with reference to its form, by puncture, point. But the names of all similar signs are derived rather from their grammatical significance. Accordingly דגשׁ may in the Masora have the sense: acuere (literam), i.e.… Learn Hebrew
Dageš Lene
1. Dageš lene, the sign of hardening, is in ordinary printed texts placed only within the בְּגַדְכְּפַת letters as a sign that they should be pronounced with their original hard sound (without aspiration), e.g. מֶלֶךְ mèlĕkh, but מַלְכּוֹ mal-kô; תָּפַר tāphár, but יִתְפֹּר yith-pōr; שָׁתָה šāthā, but יִשְׁתֶּה yiš-tè.
2. Dageš lene occurs almost exclusively at the beginning of words and syllables. In the middle of the word it can easily be distinguished from Dageš forte, since the latter always has a vowel before it, whereas Dageš lene never has; accordingly the Dageš in אַפִּי ʾappî, רַבִּים rabbîm must be forte, but in יִגְדַּל yigdal it is lene.… Learn Hebrew
Grammatical Structure
1. The formation of the parts of speech from the stems (derivation), and their inflexion, are effected in two ways:
(a) internally by changes in the stem itself, particularly in its vowels:
(b) externally by the addition of formative syllables before or after it. The expression of grammatical relations (e.g. the comparative degree and some case-relations in Hebrew) periphrastically by means of separate words belongs, not to etymology, but to syntax.
The external method (b) of formation, by affixing formative syllables, which occurs e.g.… Learn Hebrew
Semitic Languages
1. The Hebrew language is one branch of a great family of languages in Western Asia which was indigenous in Palestine, Phoenicia, Syria, Mesopotamia, Babylonia, Assyria, and Arabia, that is to say, in the countries extending from the Mediterranean to the other side of the Euphrates and Tigris, and from the mountains of Armenia to the southern coast of Arabia. In early times, however, it spread from Arabia over Abyssinia, and by means of Phoenician colonies over many islands and sea-boards of the Mediterranean, as for instance to the Carthaginian coast.… Learn Hebrew
Niphal (Niph˓al)
1. The essential characteristic of this conjugation consists in a prefix to the stem. This exists in two forms:
(a) the (probably original) prepositive nă, as in the Hebrew perfect and participle, although in the strong verb the ă is always attenuated to ĭ: נִקְטַל for original nă-qăṭăl, participle נִקְטָל, infinitive absolute sometimes נִקְטוֹל;
(b) the (later) proclitic in (as in all the forms of the corresponding Arabic conjugation vii. ˒inqătălă), found in the imperfect יִקָּטֵל for yinqāṭēl, in the imperative and infinitive construct, with a secondary ה added, הִקָּטֵל (for hinqāṭēl), and in the infinitive absolute הִקָּטֹל The inflexion of Niph˓al is perfectly analogous to that of Qal.… Learn Hebrew
Pronominal Suffixes
1. The independent principal forms of the personal pronoun (the separate pronoun), given in the preceding section, express only the nominative. The accusative and genitive are expressed by forms, usually shorter, joined to the end of verbs, nouns, and particles (pronominal suffixes or simply suffixes); e.g. הוּ (toneless) and וֹ (from āhû) eum and eius, קְטַלְתִּ֫יהוּ I have killed him (also קְטַלְתִּיו), קְטַלְתָּ֫הוּ or (with āhû contracted into ô) קְטַלְתּ֫וֹ thou hast killed him; אוֹר֫וֹ (also אוֹרֵ֫הוּ) lux eius.
The same method is employed in all the other Semitic languages, as well as in the Egyptian, Persian, Finnish, Tartar, and others; in Greek, Latin, and German we find only slight traces of the kind, e.g.… Learn Hebrew
Adverbs תואר הפועל
The Hebrew term for adverb is תואר הפועל.
1. Primitive Adverbs
Primitive adverbs are those of negation, such as לֹא “not” = οὐ, οὐκ; אַל = μη; אֵין “there is not”; and a few others of place and time, such as שָׁם “there,” “then.”
These adverbs may at least for grammatical purposes be regarded as primitive, even if it is possible to trace them to other roots, particularly pronominal roots.
2. Other Parts of Speech Used Adverbially
(a) Substantives with Prepositions
Examples include: בִּמְאֹד מְאֹד “with might,” i.e.,… Learn Hebrew
Biblical Hebrew Grammar: Qal Perfect in Genesis 1:1
Introduction
Verse in Focus
Grammar Topic
Morphology Analysis
Syntax Notes
Additional Examples
Practice Exercises
Introduction
This Biblical Hebrew grammar lesson focuses on the Qal Perfect verb form as seen in Genesis 1:1. The Qal Perfect is often used to express completed actions and is one of the foundational verb stems in Biblical Hebrew.
Verse in Focus: Genesis 1:1
בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ
Translation: In the beginning, God created the heavens and the earth.
Grammar Topic: The Qal Perfect Verb Form
The verb בָּרָא (bara) is in the Qal Perfect form.… Learn Hebrew
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